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COUNTRY PROFILE / EST

Estonia

Estonia / EE

01 / BASIC INFORMATION

Estonia in numbers.

Area45,340 kmยฒWorld # 130 โ†’Population1.4MWorld # 156 โ†’Population density30.1 people/kmยฒWorld # 167 โ†’Life expectancy79.3 yearsWorld # 55 โ†’GDP per capitaUS$ 34,418World # 50 โ†’

02 / ALL RANKINGS

Estonia across 51 rankings.

Essentials

Area45,340 kmยฒWorld # 130 / 2023 โ†’Population1.4MWorld # 156 / 2025 โ†’Population density30.1 people/kmยฒWorld # 167 / Population 2025 ยท area 2023 โ†’Independence / founding reference year1,918World # 127 / CIA World Factbook 2025 archive โ†’

People & society

Population growth-0.4%World # 195 / 2025 โ†’Total fertility rate1.2World # 198 / 2024 โ†’Birth rate7.1 per 1,000 peopleWorld # 199 / 2024 โ†’Death rate11.5 per 1,000 peopleWorld # 22 / 2024 โ†’Median age41.9 yearsWorld # 39 / 2023 โ†’Population aged 65+21.8%World # 21 / 2025 โ†’Population aged 0โ€“1415.3%World # 174 / 2025 โ†’Urban population70.7%World # 86 / 2025 โ†’Net migration-13.4KWorld # 160 / 2025 โ†’Net migration rate-9.8 per 1,000 peopleWorld # 200 / 2025 โ†’International migrant share14.9%World # 56 / 2024 โ†’

Health

Life expectancy79.3 yearsWorld # 55 / 2024 โ†’Healthy life expectancy66.7 yearsWorld # 37 / 2021 โ†’Physicians per 1,000 people3.5 per 1,000 peopleWorld # 47 / 2022 โ†’Smoking rate26.1%World # 43 / 2024 โ†’

Economy & work

GDP per capitaUS$ 34,418World # 50 / 2025 โ†’Nominal GDPUS$ 47BWorld # 103 / 2025 โ†’GDP per capita (PPP)US$ 52,106World # 49 / 2025 โ†’Real GDP growth0.6%World # 185 / 2025 โ†’Inflation4.8%World # 49 / 2025 โ†’Unemployment8.3%World # 53 / 2025 โ†’Youth unemployment19.7%World # 52 / 2025 โ†’Average annual working hours1,606 hours/yearWorld # 107 / 2023 โ†’Average sleep timeNo dataNo rank โ†’Income inequality (Gini index)30.7World # 125 / 2023 โ†’

Education & science

Education spending (% of GDP)5.2%World # 55 / 2022 โ†’Researchers per million people4,800.4 per million peopleWorld # 25 / 2023 โ†’R&D spending (% of GDP)1.8%World # 21 / 2023 โ†’Patent applications per million people18.3 per million peopleWorld # 63 / 2021 โ†’

Food & agriculture

Calorie supply per person3,287 kcal/dayWorld # 56 / 2023 โ†’Meat supply per person64.7 kg/person/yearWorld # 77 / 2023 โ†’Rice production0 tWorld # 120 / 2024 โ†’Wheat production744.8K tWorld # 58 / 2024 โ†’Coffee productionNo dataNo rank โ†’Coffee consumption per personNo dataNo rank โ†’

Environment & digital

Forest area57.1%World # 33 / 2023 โ†’Electricity use per person5,298 kWh/personWorld # 36 / 2024 โ†’COโ‚‚ emissions per person6.1 tWorld # 52 / 2024 โ†’Internet use92.2%World # 47 / 2024 โ†’Mobile subscriptions151.1 per 100 peopleWorld # 31 / 2024 โ†’

Safety & politics

Homicide rate1.5 per 100,000 peopleWorld # 116 / 2023 โ†’Road traffic death rate4.5 per 100,000 peopleWorld # 168 / 2019 โ†’Military spending (% of GDP)3.4%World # 24 / 2024 โ†’Women in parliament28.7%World # 85 / 2025 โ†’

Travel & culture

International tourist arrivals1.7MWorld # 76 / 2020 โ†’International tourism receiptsUS$ 865MWorld # 83 / 2020 โ†’World Heritage sites2 sitesWorld # 114 / 2026-07 โ†’

03 / CULTURE & INDUSTRY

Society, culture and industry.

Largest religious groupUnaffiliated2021 / 58.4%Main languageEstonianMain functional languageLeading electricity sourceOil2025Top export categoryMachinery and electrical equipment2023Most mapped OSM sportRacket sports3,868 facilities countedWriting directionLeft to rightEstonianLargest staple-food calorie sourceWheat2023Current currencyEuroEURDriving sideRight-hand trafficSide of the road used by trafficCountry-name originOtherVirumaa, Ugandi County